Mitchell History, Family Crest & Coats of Arms

Origins Available:
England
Ireland
Scotland

Etymology of Mitchell

What does the name Mitchell mean?

The Mitchell family originally lived in the town of Mitcham in the county of Surrey, England before moving north to Scotland, and taking this name with them. In Scotland, as hereditary surnames were adopted during the late Middle Ages, names derived from localities became increasingly widespread. Local names sometimes denoted the proprietorship of the village or estate. Alternatively the name was derived from the personal name Michael, meaning "who is like God" and influenced by the Norman French to Michel and later to Mitchell. The Gaelic form of the name was MacgilleMichael. 1

Crossmichael is a parish, in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright. "This place, which is of remote antiquity, derives its name, in old documents Corse-Michael, from the dedication of its church, which was granted to the abbey of Sweetheart, in the year 1275, by Dervorgille, wife of Allan, Lord of Galloway, and mother of John Baliol, King of Scotland. " 2

Early Origins of the Mitchell family

The surname Mitchell was first found in Surrey. Although the records are vague, it is most likely that this name moved north from Durham or Yorkshire around 1130 and were one of the many families invited north by King David of Scotland when he ascended the throne. Significantly, John Michelsone had a safe conduct passage to England to conduct trading south of the border in 1395.

Meanwhile, William Michelsone held his estates in Innerkethin Scotland. The Latinization of this name at this time was Michaelis and many of the individuals are recorded in charters under this name. John Michaelis of Brechin was the rector of that place in 1464. "Robert Michael de Hyrmanston was a charter witness in 1438, John Michell had a remission granted him in 1489 for his part in holding Dumbarton Castle against the king, and John Mitsell held a land in Glasgow in 1496." 1

Early History of the Mitchell family

This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Mitchell research. Another 124 words (9 lines of text) covering the years 1433, 1463, 1465, 1474, 1591, 1600, 1642, 1646, 1662, 1663, 1699, 1702, 1710 and 1890 are included under the topic Early Mitchell History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.

Mitchell Spelling Variations

Spelling variations of this family name include: Mitchell, Michel, Michell, Mitchill, Mychell, Mitcham and many more.

Early Notables of the Mitchell family

Notable among the family at this time was

Mitchell of Craigend

Mitchell World Ranking

In the United States, the name Mitchell is the 41^st most popular surname with an estimated 397,920 people with that name. 3 However, in Canada, the name Mitchell is ranked the 55^th most popular surname with an estimated 37,292 people with that name. 4 And in Quebec, Canada, the name Mitchell is the 742^nd popular surname. 5 Newfoundland, Canada ranks Mitchell as 110^th with 316 people. 6 Australia ranks Mitchell as 34^th with 46,636 people. 7 New Zealand ranks Mitchell as 23^rd with 5,897 people. 8 The United Kingdom ranks Mitchell as 44^th with 86,877 people. 9 South Africa ranks Mitchell as 544^th with 12,846 people. 10

Migration of the Mitchell family to Ireland

Some of the Mitchell family moved to Ireland, but this topic is not covered in this excerpt.
Another 79 words (6 lines of text) about their life in Ireland is included in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.

Mitchell migration to the United States +

Some of the first settlers of this family name were:

Mitchell Settlers in United States in the 17th Century

Francis Mitchell, aged 38, who landed in Virginia in 1618 aboard the ship "Neptune" 11
Maudlin Mitchell, aged 21, who arrived in Virginia in 1620 aboard the ship "Bona Nova" 11
Experience Mitchell, of Cambridgeshire who arrived in Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1623 aboard the ship "Anne" 11
Mathew Mitchell, who arrived in Connecticut in 1630
Edward Mitchell, aged 18, who landed in Virginia in 1635 aboard the ship "Assurance" 11
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Mitchell Settlers in United States in the 18th Century

Samuel Mitchell, who landed in Virginia in 1706 11
Edward Mitchell, who arrived in Virginia in 1706 11
Benjamin Mitchell, who arrived in Maryland in 1752
William Mitchell and his wife Agnes Buchanan, who emigrated from Scotland to Connecticut in 1755
Richard Mitchell, who arrived in America in 1760-1763 11
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Mitchell Settlers in United States in the 19th Century

Spencer Cochrane Mitchell, who arrived in Maryland in 1800 11
Sarah Mitchell, aged 25, who arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1804 11
Jane Mitchell, who landed in America in 1804 11
Peter Mitchell, who landed in Savanna(h), Georgia in 1811 11
Spencer Mitchell, aged 35, who landed in Maryland in 1812 11
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Mitchell Settlers in United States in the 20th Century

Mr. John T. Mitchell, (b. 1875), aged 25, Cornish miner travelling aboard the ship "St Paul" arriving at Ellis Island, New York on 10th March 1900 en route to Butte, Montana, USA 12
Mr. Joseph Mitchell, (b. 1877), aged 23, Cornish miner travelling aboard the ship "New York" arriving at Ellis Island, New York on 15th April 1900 en route to Red Jacket, Michigan, USA 12
Mr. Francis Mitchell, (b. 1883), aged 17, Cornish miner travelling aboard the ship "St Paul" arriving at Ellis Island, New York on 31st March 1900 en route to Red Jacket, Michigan, USA 12
Mr. Philip Mitchell, (b. 1873), aged 27, Cornish miner travelling aboard the ship "St Paul" arriving at Ellis Island, New York on 10th March 1900 en route to Butte, Montana, USA 12
Mr. John Mitchell, (b. 1859), aged 42, Cornish farmer, from St Columb Major, Cornwall, UK travelling aboard the ship "Oceanic" arriving at Ellis Island, New York on 20th February 1901 en route to Chicago, Illinois, USA 12
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Mitchell migration to Canada +

Some of the first settlers of this family name were:

Mitchell Settlers in Canada in the 18th Century

Mr. William Mitchell U.E. who arrived at Port Roseway, [Shelbourne], Nova Scotia on December 13, 1783 was passenger number 455 aboard the ship "HMS Clinton", picked up on November 14, 1783 at East River, New York, USA 13
Mr. John Mitchell U.E. who settled in Saint John, New Brunswick c. 1784 became a Freeman in 1785 was a Carpenter 13
Sgt. Thomas Mitchell U.E. born in Amsterdam, Holland who settled in Charlotte County, New Brunswick c. 1784 13
Mr. Zalmon Mitchell U.E. from Vermont, USA who settled in Eastern District [Cornwall], Ontario c. 1793 13

Mitchell Settlers in Canada in the 19th Century

Charles Mitchell, who arrived in Saint John, New Brunswick in 1830
William Mitchell, who arrived in Canada in 1833
William Mitchell, aged 30, who landed in Quebec in 1834
John Mitchell, aged 30, a labourer, who arrived in Saint John, New Brunswick in 1834 aboard the brig "Matilda" from Cork, Ireland
Mary Mitchell, aged 40, who arrived in Saint John, New Brunswick in 1834 aboard the ship "Britannia" from Sligo, Ireland
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Mitchell migration to Australia +

Emigration to Australia followed the First Fleets of convicts, tradespeople and early settlers. Early immigrants include:

Mitchell Settlers in Australia in the 19th Century

Mr. Phillip Mitchell, British Convict who was convicted in Kent, England for life, transported aboard the "Earl Cornwallis" in August 1800, arriving in New South Wales, Australia 14
Mr. George Mitchell, (b. 1778), aged 25, English farmer who was convicted in Sussex, England for life for burglary, transported aboard the "Coromandel" on 4th December 1803, arriving in New South Wales, Australia, he died in 1850 15
Mr. Thomas Mitchell, English convict who was convicted in Surrey, England for life, transported aboard the "Duke of Portland" in January 1807, arriving in New South Wales, Australia 16
Miss Betty Mitchell, English convict who was convicted in Lancaster, Lancashire, England for 7 years, transported aboard the "Canada" in March 1810, arriving in New South Wales, Australia 17
Mr. William Mitchell, English convict who was convicted in Middlesex, England for life, transported aboard the "Baring" in April 1815, arriving in New South Wales, Australia 18
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Mitchell migration to New Zealand +

Emigration to New Zealand followed in the footsteps of the European explorers, such as Captain Cook (1769-70): first came sealers, whalers, missionaries, and traders. By 1838, the British New Zealand Company had begun buying land from the Maori tribes, and selling it to settlers, and, after the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840, many British families set out on the arduous six month journey from Britain to Aotearoa to start a new life. Early immigrants include:

Mitchell Settlers in New Zealand in the 19th Century

Mr. Charles Mitchell, Cornish settler travelling from Launceston, UK aboard the ship "Brazil Packet" arriving in New Zealand in 1836 19
Mr. Mitchell, Australian settler travelling from Sydney aboard the ship "David" arriving in New Zealand in 1839 19
Francis Mitchell, aged 17, a farmer, who arrived in Wellington, New Zealand aboard the ship "Martha Ridgeway" in 1840
James Joseph Mitchell, aged 23, a labourer, who arrived in Wellington, New Zealand aboard the ship "Bengal Merchant" in 1840 20
James Mitchell, aged 29, a labourer, who arrived in Wellington, New Zealand aboard the ship "Blenheim" in 1840
... (More are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Mitchell Settlers in New Zealand in the 20th Century

Leslie Mitchell, aged 24, who arrived in Auckland, New Zealand aboard the ship "S. S. Waimana" in 1926

Mitchell migration to West Indies +

The British first settled the British West Indies around 1604. They made many attempts but failed in some to establish settlements on the Islands including Saint Lucia and Grenada. By 1627 they had managed to establish settlements on St. Kitts (St. Christopher) and Barbados, but by 1641 the Spanish had moved in and destroyed some of these including those at Providence Island. The British continued to expand the settlements including setting the First Federation in the British West Indies by 1674; some of the islands include Barbados, Bermuda, Cayman Island, Turks and Caicos, Jamaica and Belize then known as British Honduras. By the 1960's many of the islands became independent after the West Indies Federation which existed from 1958 to 1962 failed due to internal political conflicts. After this a number of Eastern Caribbean islands formed a free association. 21

Mitchell Settlers in West Indies in the 17th Century

Mr. John Mitchell, (b. 1615), aged 20, British settler travelling aboard the ship "The Dorset" arriving in Barbados in September 1635 22

Contemporary Notables of the name Mitchell (post 1700) +

Joni Mitchell CC (b. 1943), born Roberta Joan Anderson, Canadian musician, songwriter, and painter and winner of twelve Grammy Awards, inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997
Abbie Noel Mitchell (1918-2007), née Campbell, American Captain in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion, first all-female, all-African-American battalion to server overseas
Abbie Noel Campbell Mitchell (1918-2007), American Captain in the 6888th Central Postal Directory Battalion, first all-female, all-African-American battalion to server overseas
Maria Mitchell (1818-1889), American astronomer who was the first to discover a comet with the use of a telescope and was the first woman elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, as well as the American Philosophical Society
Ella Mitchell (1935-2024), American soul singer and actress, best known for her comic role as Hattie Mae Pierce (Big Momma) in the 2000 comedy film Big Momma's House
Lola Chantrelle Mitchell (1979-2023), better known by her stage name Gangsta Boo, an American rapper and the second female member of the Memphis-based hip hop group Three 6 Mafia
Charlene Alexander Mitchell (1930-2022), African-American international socialist, feminist, labor and civil rights activist, National Co-Chair Emeritus of the Committees of Correspondence for Democracy and Socialism (CCDS)
Scoey Mitchell (1930-2022), American actor, writer and TV director known for frequent appearances on 1970s game shows, including Match Game and Tattletales, known for Me & Mrs. C. (1986), 13 East (1989) and Me & Mrs. C. (1984)
Paul Mitchell III (1956-2021), American businessman and politician, Member of the U.S. Representative for Michigan's 10th congressional district (2017-2021)
Warren Eugene Mitchell Sr. (1933-2020), American head coach for the William & Mary Tribe men's basketball team from 1966 to 1972
... (Another 62 notables are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

Historic Events for the Mitchell family +

Air New Zealand Flight 901

Mr. Mark Geoffrey Mitchell (1962-1979), New Zealander passenger, from Lower Hutt, North Island, New Zealand aboard the Air New Zealand Flight 901 for an Antarctic sightseeing flight when it flew into Mount Erebus; he died in the crash 23

Bradford City stadium fire

Harold Mitchell (1906-1985), from Bradford who attended the Bradford City and Lincoln City Third Division match on 11th May 1985 when the Bradford City stadium fire occurred and he died in the fire

Empress of Ireland

Mr. Robert Mitchell (d. 1914), British Bedroom Steward from United Kingdom who worked aboard the Empress of Ireland and died in the sinking 24
Mr. James Mitchell, British Trimmer from United Kingdom who worked aboard the Empress of Ireland (1914) and survived the sinking 24
Mr. Sydney Mitchell (1866-1914), American Third Class Passenger from Los Angeles, California, United States who was traveling aboard the Empress of Ireland and died in the sinking 24

Halifax Explosion

Mrs. Mary I. Mitchell (1879-1917), Canadian resident from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada who died in the Halifax Explosion (1917) 25
Mr. Gilbert Mitchell, Canadian resident from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada who died in the Halifax Explosion (1917) 25
Mr. Cecil Allan Mitchell (1899-1917), Canadian Cook aboard the Schooner St Bernard from Ship Harbor Lake, Nova Scotia, Canada who died in the Halifax Explosion (1917) 25
Miss Lizzie Mitchell (1904-1917), Canadian resident from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada who died in the Halifax Explosion (1917) 25
Miss Aletha S. Mitchell (1904-1917), Canadian resident from Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada who died in the Halifax Explosion (1917) 25
... (Another 4 entries are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

HMAS Sydney II

Mr. Charles McGregor Mitchell (1920-1941), Australian Paymaster Sub-Lieutenant (S) from East Malvern, Victoria, Australia, who sailed into battle aboard HMAS Sydney II and died in the sinking 26
Mr. Francis Joseph Mitchell (1919-1941), Australian Supply Assistant from Middle Park, Victoria, Australia, who sailed into battle aboard HMAS Sydney II and died in the sinking 26

HMS Cornwall

Albert Victor Mitchell (d. 1942), British Chief Petty Officer aboard the HMS Cornwall when she was struck by air bombers and sunk; he died in the sinking 27
William Archibald Mitchell (d. 1942), British Stoker 1st Class aboard the HMS Cornwall when she was struck by air bombers and sunk; he died in the sinking 27

HMS Hood

Mr. Leonard F W Mitchell (b. 1920), English Able Seaman serving for the Royal Navy from Fratton, Portsmouth, England, who sailed into battle and died in the HMS Hood sinking 28
Mr. John Mitchell (b. 1920), Scottish Able Seaman serving for the Royal Navy from Edinburgh, Scotland, who sailed into battle and died in the HMS Hood sinking 28
Mr. Frederick R Mitchell (b. 1916), Scottish Able Seaman serving for the Royal Navy from Huntly, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, who sailed into battle and died in the HMS Hood sinking 28
Mr. Frank Mitchell (b. 1917), English Electrical Artificer 4th Class serving for the Royal Navy from Tinsley, Yorkshire, England, who sailed into battle and died in the HMS Hood sinking 28

HMS Prince of Wales

Mr. John Mitchell (b. 1918), "Jackie" English Able Seaman from England, who sailed into battle on the HMS Prince of Wales (1941) and died in the sinking 29
Mr. J Mitchell, British Yeo of the Sigs, who sailed into battle on the HMS Prince of Wales (1941) and survived the sinking 29

HMS Repulse

Mr. George Stanley Mitchell (b. 1898), British Engine Room Artificer 1st Class, who sailed into battle on the HMS Repulse (1941) and died in the sinking 30
Mr. Kenneth Gibson Mitchell, British sailor, who sailed into battle on the HMS Repulse (1941) and survived the sinking 30

HMS Royal Oak

Mitchell C. Mitchell, British Yeoman of Signals with the Royal Navy aboard the HMS Royal Oak (1939) when she was torpedoed by U-47 and sunk; he survived the sinking 31
John Seymour Mitchell (1921-1939), British Boy 1st Class with the Royal Navy aboard the HMS Royal Oak (1939) when she was torpedoed by U-47 and sunk; he died in the sinking 31
John Henry Mitchell (1909-1939), British Shipwright 2nd Class with the Royal Navy aboard the HMS Royal Oak (1939) when she was torpedoed by U-47 and sunk; he died in the sinking 31

North Sea Flood

Victor Mitchell, British traveler aboard the ferry "Princess Victoria" killed in the North Sea Flood, a major storm surge in 1953

Pan Am Flight 103 (Lockerbie)

Jewel Courtney Mitchell (1956-1988), American Army Second Lieutenant from Brooklyn, New York, America, who flew aboard the Pan Am Flight 103 from Frankfurt to Detroit, known as the Lockerbie bombing in 1988 and died 32

RMS Lusitania

Mr. Walter Dawson Mitchell, Irish 2nd Class passenger residing in Newark, New Jersey, USA returning to Ireland, who sailed aboard the RMS Lusitania (1915) and died in the sinking and was recovered 33
Mrs. Jeanette Nettie Elizabeth Mitchell, Irish 2nd Class passenger residing in Newark, New Jersey, USA returning to Ireland, who sailed aboard the RMS Lusitania (1915) and survived the sinking 33
Mr. George Mitchell, English Ship's Printer from England, who worked aboard the RMS Lusitania (1915) and survived the sinking 33
Mr. John Mitchell, English Fireman from England, who worked aboard the RMS Lusitania (1915) and died in the sinking 33
Mr. William Mitchell, English Second Linen keeper from England, who worked aboard the RMS Lusitania (1915) and survived the sinking 33
... (Another 3 entries are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

RMS Titanic

Mr. Lorenzo "Lawrence" Horace Mitchell (d. 1912), aged 18, English Fireman/Stoker from Southampton, Hampshire who worked aboard the RMS Titanic and died in the sinking 34
Mr. Henry Michael Mitchell (d. 1912), aged 71, English Second Class passenger from Guernsey, Channel Islands who sailed aboard the RMS Titanic and died in the sinking 34

SS Caribou

Mr. Dow Lester Mitchell (b. 1920), British passenger who was Royal Air Force from Fredericton, New Brunswick was travelling aboard the railway ferry "SS Caribou" when it was struck by a German submarine torpedo on 14th October 1942, the most significant sinking in Canadian waters at that time, he died in the sinking

USS Indianapolis

James Edward Mitchell, American crew member on board the ship "USS Indianapolis" when she was on a top secret trip for the first nuclear weapon, she was sunk by Japanese Navy on 30th July 1945, he survived the sinking 35
James Hamilton Mitchell Jr., American crew member on board the ship "USS Indianapolis" when she was on a top secret trip for the first nuclear weapon, she was sunk by Japanese Navy on 30th July 1945, he was one of the many who were killed in the sinking due to exposure, dehydration, saltwater poisoning and shark attacks 35
Kenneth Edward Mitchell (1908-1980), American crew member on board the ship "USS Indianapolis" when she was on a top secret trip for the first nuclear weapon, she was sunk by Japanese Navy on 30th July 1945, he survived the sinking 35
Norval Jerry Mitchell (1927-2009), American crew member on board the ship "USS Indianapolis" when she was on a top secret trip for the first nuclear weapon, she was sunk by Japanese Navy on 30th July 1945, he survived the sinking 35
Paul Boone Mitchell, American crew member on board the ship "USS Indianapolis" when she was on a top secret trip for the first nuclear weapon, she was sunk by Japanese Navy on 30th July 1945, he was one of the many who were killed in the sinking due to exposure, dehydration, saltwater poisoning and shark attacks 35
... (Another 1 entries are available in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible.)

The Mitchell Motto +

The motto was originally a war cry or slogan. Mottoes first began to be shown with arms in the 14th and 15th centuries, but were not in general use until the 17th century. Thus the oldest coats of arms generally do not include a motto. Mottoes seldom form part of the grant of arms: Under most heraldic authorities, a motto is an optional component of the coat of arms, and can be added to or changed at will; many families have chosen not to display a motto.

Motto: Favente Deo supero
Motto Translation: By Godâ€™s favour I conquer.

Sources +

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Lewis, Samuel, A Topographical Dictionary of Scotland. Institute of Historical Research, 1848, Print.
"What are the 5,000 Most Common Last Names in the U.S.?". NameCensus.com, https://namecensus.com/last-names/
"Surnames Meanings, Origins & Distribution Maps - Forebears." Forebears, https://forebears.io/surnames
"The first 1,000 family names by rank, Quebec (in French only)" Institut de la statistique du Quebec, https://statistique.quebec.ca/en/document/family-names-in-quebec/tableau/the-first-1000-family-names-by-rank-quebec
The order of Common Surnames in 1955 in Newfoundland retrieved on 20th October 2021 (retrieved from Family Names of the Island of Newfoundland by E.R. Seary corrected edition ISBN 0-7735-1782-0)
"Most Common Last Names in Australia." Forebears, https://forebears.io/australia/surnames
"Most Common Last Names in New Zealand." Forebears, https://forebears.io/new-zealand/surnames
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"Most Common Last Names in South Africa." Forebears, https://forebears.io/south-africa/surnames
Filby, P. William, Meyer, Mary K., Passenger and immigration lists index : a guide to published arrival records of about 500,000 passengers who came to the United States and Canada in the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. 1982-1985 Cumulated Supplements in Four Volumes Detroit, Mich. : Gale Research Co., 1985, Print (ISBN 0-8103-1795-8)
Cornwall Online Parish Clerks. (Retrieved 3rd May 2018). Retrieved from http://www.opc-cornwall.org/Resc/pdfs/emigration_ellis_island_1892_on.pdf
Rubincam, Milton. The Old United Empire Loyalists List. Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc, 1976. (Originally published as; United Empire Loyalists. The Centennial of the Settlement of Upper Canada. Rose Publishing Company, 1885.) ISBN 0-8063-0331-X
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Convict Records Voyages to Australia (Retrieved 9th December 2020). Retrieved from https://convictrecords.com.au/ships/canada
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_West_Indies
Pilgrim Ship Lists Early 1600's retrieved 29th September 2021. Retrieved from https://www.packrat-pro.com/ships/shiplist.htm
Mount Erebus, Memorial, Roll of Remembrance (Retrieved 2018, February 21st). Retrieved from http://www.erebus.co.nz/memorialandawards/rollofremembrance.aspx
Commemoration Empress of Ireland 2014. (Retrieved 2014, June 17) . Retrieved from http://www.empress2014.ca/seclangen/listepsc1.html
Halifax Explosion Book of Remembrance | Maritime Museum of the Atlantic. (Retrieved 2014, June 23) . Retrieved from https://maritimemuseum.novascotia.ca/what-see-do/halifax-explosion/halifax-explosion-book-remembrance
HMAS Sydney II, Finding Sydney Foundation - Roll of Honour. (Retrieved 2014, April 24) . Retrieved from http://www.findingsydney.com/roll.asp
Force Z Survivors Crew List HMS Cornwall (Retrieved 2018, February 13th) - Retrieved from https://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/biographies/listcornwallcrew.html#A
H.M.S. Hood Association-Battle Cruiser Hood: Crew Information - H.M.S. Hood Rolls of Honour, Men Lost in the Sinking of H.M.S. Hood, 24th May 1941. (Retrieved 2016, July 15) . Retrieved from http://www.hmshood.com/crew/memorial/roh_24may41.htm
HMS Prince of Wales Crew members. (Retrieved 2014, April 9) . Retrieved from http://www.forcez-survivors.org.uk/biographies/listprincecrew.html
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Ships hit by U-boats crew list HMS Royal Oak (08) - (Retrieved 2018 February, 9th) - retrieved from https://uboat.net/allies/merchants/crews/ship68.html
Pan Am Flight 103's victims: A list of those killed 25 years ago | syracuse.com. (Retrieved 2014, April 9) . Retrieved from http://www.syracuse.com/news/index.ssf/2013/12/pan_am_flight_103s_victims_a_list_of_those_killed_25_years_ago.html
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Final Crew List, retrieved 2021, October 30th Retrieved from https://www.ussindianapolis.com/final-crew